| 1872 |
President: James Black (PA), lawyer,
civic activist |
| |
Vice-President: John Russell (MI) minister,
newspaperman (Methodist) |
| |
5607 reported votes, 6 states |
| |
|
| 1876 |
President: Green Clay Smith (KY)
lawyer, military officer, Democratic congressman (Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: Gideon T. Stewart
(OH) newspaperman, civic activist |
| |
9737 reported votes, 10 states |
| |
|
| 1880 |
President: Neal
Dow (ME) businessman, military officer, civic activist (Quaker) |
| |
Vice-President: Henry A. Thompson
(OH) mathematician, pres. Otterbein Univ.
(United
Brethren) |
| |
10,304 reported votes |
| |
 |
Rare China Dinner Plate Picturing 1880 Prohibition Party Candidate Neal Dow.
From a huge service custom made for presentation to Dow in the 1880's. Most pieces remain in his Maine Mansion, now a historical site, but a few have been "liberated" over the years and are now owned by collectors. |
|
| 1884 |
President: John P. St. John (KS)
adventurer, lawyer, military officer, Republican
governor |
| |
Vice-President: William Daniel (MD)
legislator, civic activist |
| |
153,128 reported votes |
| |
  |
|
Ca. 1883 poster, clockwise from top: Frances Willard (never a candidate),John St. John (1884), Neal Dow (1880), and Alfred Colquitt (never a candidate) |
D.I. Herdon, in his "Centennial History of Arkansas" (1922, p.331) says that there was an "American Prohibition Party" faction at the 1884 convention which nominated Samuel C. Pomeroy of Kansas and John A. Conant of Connecticutt. Storms does not mention this, and the Pomery/Conant vote total is not known.
|
| 1888 |
President: Clinton B. Fisk (NJ) banker,
military officer, founder of Fisk University |
| |
Vice-President: John A. Brooks (MO)
college president |
| |
249,945 reported votes
|
| |
|
| 1892 |
President: John
Bidwell (CA) rancher, military officer |
| |
Vice-President: James B. Cranfill
(TX) minister, newspaperman (Baptist) |
| |
271,058 reported votes
** the record vote and percentage for the Prohibition Party (2.3%) |
| |
 |
| 1896 |
President: Joshua Levering (MD) businessman,
WMCA official, trustees president Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
(Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: Hale Johnson (IL)
lawyer |
| |
130,617 reported votes (plus 13,969 for an alternative slate
in some states)
  
    |
| |
Printed, celluloid-covered, "cello," lapel pins such as these became popular in the campaign of 1896. Most earlier campaign portrait buttons were made by fastening actual photographs on metal or cardboard onto a pin or stud. The stamped metal images, "medals," commonly used in pre-1896 campaigns were largely discontinued after the 1890s.
Halftone printing, developed around 1890, quickly replaced photographs on campaign items. |
| |
|
| 1900 |
President: John G. Wooley (IL) lawyer,
orator |
| |
Vice-President: Henry
B. Metcalf (RI) banker, manufacturer, trustees pres. Tufts College (Universalist) |
| |
209,469 reported votes
  
    
The jugate Wooley & Metcalfe pin at upper left was issued by three other political parties in 1900, substituting only the photographs of their own candidates: (Republicans) McKinley and Roosevelt, (Democrats) Bryan and Stevenson, and (Socialists) Debs and Harriman.
The only other election in which at least four parties used an identical design was that of 1912, when the Republicans, Democrats, Socialists, and Bull Moose all issued buttons of the same design. Thanks to Robert Fratkin and The Keynoter for this factoid! |
| |
|
| 1904 |
President: Silas C. Swallow
(PA) minister (Methodist) |
| |
Vice-President: George
W. Carroll (TX) businessman, philanthropist |
| |
258,205 reported votes
|
| |
|
| 1908 |
President: Eugene W.
Chafin (WI) writer, local official, lawyer |
| |
Vice-President: Aaron
S. Watkins (OH) lawyer, president Asbury College (Methodist) |
| |
253,231 reported votes, 28 states
  
|
| |
|
| 1912 |
President: Eugene W.
Chafin (WI) writer, local official, lawyer |
| |
Vice-President: Aaron
S. Watkins (OH) lawyer, president Asbury College
(Methodist) |
| |
207,828 reported votes
  
|
| |
|
| 1916 |
President: J. Frank Hanly
(IN) newspaperman, teacher, lawyer, Republican governor |
| |
Vice-President: Ira Landrith
(TN) YMCA official, president Bellmont College
(Presbyterian) |
| |
221,329 reported votes
 |
| |
|
| 1920 |
President: Aaron
W. Watkins (OH) lawyer, president Asbury College (Methodist) |
| |
Vice-President: D. Leigh
Colvin (NY) historian, temperance society executive |
| |
195, 923 reported votes: Alabama (757/ 0.31%), California (25,204 / 2.67%), Colorado (2807 / 0.96%), Connecticut (1771 / 0.48%), Delaware (986 / 1.04%), Florida (5124 / 3.52%), Illinois (11,216 / 0.54%), Indiana (13,462 / 1.07%), Iowa (4197 / 0.47%), Kentucky ( 3325 / 0.36%), Michigan (9646 / 0.92%), Minnesota (11,489 / 1.57%), Missouri (5142 / 0.39%), Nebraska (5947 / 1.55%), New Jersey (4895 / 0.54%), New York (19,653 / 0.68%), Ohio (294 / write-in), Oregon (3595 / 1.51%), Pennsylvania (42,612 / 2.30%, Rhode Island (510 / 0.30%), South Dakota (900 / 0.49%), Vermont (884 / 0.86%), Virginia (857 / 0.37%), Washington (3800 / 0.95%), West Virginia (1528 / 0.30%), Wisconsin (8647 / 1.23%), Wyoming (265 / 0.47%) |
| |
|
| Increasingly repressive ballot
access laws after 1920 made it difficult for third parties to campaign effectively.
Storms says (p.39): "The two [dominant] parties wanted to make sure
that there would never again be an outpouring of humanitarian reform comparable
to that of the Progressive Era. From then on, they could be in the comfortable
position of joining hands in a conspiracy of silence on the issues that
really mattered. The technique was to create ballot laws which were so stringent
that a dissenting group would have to expend all of its resources obtaining
a place on the ballot and [would] have nothing left with which to campaign." |
| |
|
| 1924 |
President: Herman P.
Faris (MO) banker, businessman |
| |
Vice-President: Marie C. Brehm (CA) suffragette,
first legally qualified female
vice-presidential
candidate |
| |
56,289 reported votes, 16 states: Alabama (569 / 0.34), California (18,365 / 1.43%), Colorado (966 / 0.28%), Florida (5498/ 5.04%), Georgia (231 / 0.14%), Illinois (2367 / 0.10%), Indiana (4418 / 0.35%), Michigan (6085 / 0.52%), Missouri (1418 / 0.11%), Nebraska (1594 / 0.34%), New Jersey (1660 / 0.15%), rest to come
|
| |
|
| 1928 |
President: William F.
Varney (NY) business administrator |
| |
Vice-President: James
A. Edgerton (VA) newspaperman, writer, philosopher |
| |
20,106 reported votes (plus 14,394 for an alternative
slate in CA), 6 states: Vermont (338 / 0.25%), West Virginia (1703 / 0.26%, Wisconsin (2245 / 0.20%), rest to come |
| |
|
| 1932 |
President: William D.
Upshaw (GA) lecturer, Democratic congressman |
| |
Vice-President: Frank
S. Regan (IL) lecturer, state legislator |
| |
81,869 reported votes, 22 states: California (20,637 / 0.91%), Colorado (1928 / 0.42%), Florida (7 / write-in), Georgia (1125 / 0.44%), Illinois (6388 / 0.19%), Indiana (10,399 / 0.66%), Iowa (2111 / 0.20%), rest to come, Rhode Island (183 / 0.07%), South Dakota (463 / 0.15%), Tennessee (1995 / 0.51%), Virginia (1843 / 0.62%), Washington (1540 / 0.25%), West Virginia (2342 / 0.31%), Wisconsin (2672 / 0.24%), rest to come |
| |
|
| 1936 |
President: D. Leigh Colvin
(NY) historian, temperance society executive |
| |
Vice-President: Claude
A. Watson (CA) lawyer, business administrator
(Free
Methodist) |
| |
37,847 reported votes, 25 states |
| |
|
| 1940 |
President: Roger W. Babson (MA) economist, businessman (Congregational Christian) |
| |
Vice-President: Edgar
V. Moorman (IL) businessman |
| |
59,492 reported votes, states (28): Alabama (700 / 0.24%), Arizona (742 /
0.49%), Arkansas (793 / 0.39%), California (9400 / 0.29%), Colorado (1597 /
0.29%), Delaware (220 / 0.16%), Florida (96 write-ins), Georgia (1003 / 0.32%),
Illinois (9190 / 0.22%), Indiana (6437 / 0.36%), Iowa (2284 / 0.19%), Kansas (4056 / 0.47%), Kentucky (1443 / 0.15%), Louisiana (81 write-ins), Massachusetts (1370 / 0.,07%), Missouri (1809 / 0.10%) Michigan (1795 / 0.09%), Montana (664 / 0.27%), New Jersey (873 / 0.04%), New Mexico (100 / 0.05%), New York (3250 / 0.05%), North Dakota (325 / 0.12%), Ohio (58 write-ins), Oklahoma (3027 / 0.37%), Oregon (154 write-ins), Pennsylvania (495 write-ins), Rhode Island (74 / 0.02%), South Carolina (2 write-ins), Tennessee (1606 / 0.31%), Texas (928 / 0.09%), Virginia (882 / 0.25%), Washington (1686 / 0.21%),Wisconsin (2148 / 0.15%), Wyoming (172 / 0.15%).
 |
| |
|
| Storms credits (p. 48) Babson and Moorman with
changing the philosophical emphasis of the Prohibition Party from progressive
to conservative, but the change was neither abrupt nor clear-cut. The party
platform continued to include progressive planks, and still does, but the
party leadership has chosen more and more to emphasize conservative planks. |
| |
|
| 1944 |
President: Claude A.
Watson (CA) lawyer, business administrator (Free Methodist) |
| |
Vice-President: Andrew
Johnson (KY) evangelist, lecturer (Methodist) |
| |
74,758 reported votes,
states (26): Alabama (1095 / 0.45%), Arizona (421 / 0.31%), California (14,770 / 0.42%), Delaware (294 / 0.23%), Florida (27 write-ins), Georgia (36 write-ins), Idaho (503 / 0.24%), Illinois (7411 / 0.18%), Indiana (12,574 / 0.75%), Iowa (3752 / 0.36%), Kansas (2609 / 0.36%), Kentucky (2012 / 0.23%), Massachusetts (973 / 0.05%), Michigan (6503 / 0.29%), Missouri (1175 / 0.07%), Montana (340 / 0.16%), New Jersey (4255 / 0.22%), New Mexico (148 / 0.10%, North Dakota (549 / 0.25%), Oklahoma (1663 / 0.23%), Oregon (2362 / 0.49%), Pennsylvania (5750 / 0.15%), Rhode Island (433 / 0.14%), South Carolina (365 / 0.35%), Tennessee (885 / 0.17%), Texas (1017 / 0.09%), Virginia (459 / 0.12%), Washington (2396 / 0.28%)
|
| |
|
| 1948 |
President: Claude A.
Watson (CA) lawyer, business administrator (Free Methodist) |
| |
Vice-President: Dale
H. Learn (PA) realtor, insurance salesman, civic activist |
| |
103,343 reported votes, 19 states
 |
| |
|
| 1952 |
President: Stuart Hamblen (CA) musician |
| |
Vice-President: Enoch
A. Holtwick (IL) historian, president of Los Angeles Pacific
Junior
College |
| |
78,181 reported votes, 20 states
 |
| |
|
| 1956 |
President: Enoch A. Holtwick (IL) historian, president of Los Angeles Pacific Junior
College |
| |
Vice-President: Edwin M. Cooper
(CA) lawyer, YMCA official
In New Jersey, the ticket was Holtwick and Holdridge. |
| |
41,937 reported votes, 10 states |
| |
|
| 1960 |
President: Rutherford
L. Decker (MO) minister, co-founder of National Association
of Evangelicals (Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: E. Harold
Munn, Sr. (MI) television executive, educator |
| |
46,239 reported votes, states (11): Alabama (2106 / 0.37%), California (21,706 / 0.33%), Delaware (284 / 0.13%), Indiana (6746 / 0.32%), Kansas (4138 / 0.45%), Massachusetts (1633, 0.07%, Michigan (2029 / 0.06%), Montana (456 / 0.16%), New Mexico (777 / 0.25%), Tennessee (2475 / 0.24%), Texas 3870 / 0.17%). |
| |
 |
| 1964 |
President: E. Harold Munn, Sr. (MI) television executive, educator |
| |
Vice-President: Mark
R. Shaw (MA) minister, peace activist (Methodist) |
| |
23,267 reported votes, states (9): Colorado (1356 / 0.17%), Delaware (425 / 0.21%), Indiana (8266 / 0.40%), Iowa (1902 / 0.16%), Kansas (5393 / 0.63%), Massachusetts (3735 / 016%), Montana (499 / 0.18%), New Mexico (543 / 0.17%), North Dakota (174 / 0.07%); in addition, there were 305 write-ins in California and 669 write-ins in Michigan. |
| |
  |
| 1968 |
President: E. Harold Munn, Sr. (MI) television executive, educator |
| |
Vice-President: Rolland
E. Fisher (KS) evangelist (Free Methodist) |
| |
15,123 reported votes, 9 states: North Dakota (38 / 0.02%), Ohio (19 / write-in), Virginia (601 / 0.04%), rest to come
  |
| |
|
| 1972 |
President: E. Harold
Munn, Sr. (MI) television executive, educator |
| |
Vice-President: Marshall
E. Uncapher (KS) educator, salesman |
| |
13,444 reported votes, 4 states
 |
| |
|
| 1976 |
President: Ben Bubar (ME) state legislator, temperance lobbyist (Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: Earl
F. Dodge (CO) Prohibition Party executive secretary/chairman
(Baptist) |
| |
15,961 reported votes, 9 states
|
| |
|
| 1980 |
President: Ben Bubar (ME) state legislator, temperance lobbyist (Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: Earl
F. Dodge (CO) Prohibition Party executive secretary/chairman
(Baptist) |
| |
7237 reported votes, 4 states
 |
| |
|
| 1984 |
President: Earl
F. Dodge (CO) Prohibition Party executive secretary/chairman (Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: Warren
C. Martin (KS) member of Kansas state Board of Paroles
and
Pardons (Free Methodist) |
| |
4204 reported votes, 5 states
  |
| |
|
| 1988 |
President: Earl
F. Dodge (CO) Prohibition Party executive secretary/chairman (Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: George
Ormsby (PA) businessman, president National Council of the International
Organization of Good Templars (Presbyterian Church in America) |
| |
8004 reported votes, states (4) : Arkansas (1,319 / 0.14%, Colorado (4,604 /
0.34%), New Mexico (249 / 0.05%), Tennessee (1,807 / 0.11%) -- also: 16 write-ins from Michigan, 5 write-ins from Michigan, 7 write-ins from North Dakota |
| |
 |
| 1992 |
President: Earl
F. Dodge (CO) Prohibition Party executive secretary/chairman (Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: George
Ormsby (PA) businessman, president National Council of the International
Organization of Good Templars (Presbyterian Church in America) |
| |
935 reported votes, states (3) : Arkansas ((472 / 0.05%), New Mexico (120 / 0.02%), Tennessee (343 / 0.02%) -- also: 21 write-ins from Colorado, 2 write-ins from Massachusetts, 3 write-ins from North Dakota |
| |
|
| 1996 |
President: Earl
F. Dodge (CO) Prohibition Party executive secretary/chairman (Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: Rachel
Bubar Kelly (IL) educator, president of Women's Christian Temperance Union |
| |
1294 reported votes, states (4) : Arkansas (483 / 0.05%), Colorado (375 / 0.02%), Tennessee (324 / 0.02%), Utah (111 / 0.02%) -- also: one write-in from Illinois and 4 write-ins from Massachusetts |
| |
 
  |
| |
|
| 2000 |
President: Earl
F. Dodge (CO) Prohibition Party executive secretary/chairman
(independent Baptist) |
| |
Vice-President: W.
Dean Watkins (AZ) retired aeronautical engineer (independent Baptist) |
| |
208 reported votes, 1 state : Colorado (208 / 0.01%)
  
   |
| |
|
| 2004 |
A private, invitational conference of (some)
Prohibition National Committeemen, held at the chairman's home in June,
2003, recommended then-chairman Earl F. Dodge for president and Texas national
committeeman Howard Lydick for vice-president. These candidacies were explicitly
rejected by the 34th quadrennial nominating convention of the Prohibition
Party, held at Fairfield Glade, Tennessee in September
.  
  
 
The button at upper left is a vendor button. All others were sold by Dodge or were offered to donors as incentives. It is doubtful that any of Dodge's buttons were given away as campaign items.
|
| |
President: Gene
Amondson (AK) Evangelist and Artist
(Church of God, Anderson) |
| |
Vice-President: Leroy Pletten (MI) Law Enforcement Consultant
(Church of God) |
| |
  
The LH button was issued by the Prohibition National Committee and was distributed during the campaign; the center and RH buttons are vendor buttons.
Preliminary figures show a total of 1896 votes -- the best showing for the Prohibition Party since l988. Louisiana provided 1512 of those, and Colorado (on the "Concerns of People" line) provided 324.
Dodge and Lydick, the unendorsed independents in Colorado, received 140 votes, fewer than half as many as the official Prohibition Party ticket. This is an unequivocal repudiation by the voters of Earl F. Dodge as a Prohibition Party spokesman. (Dodge and Lydick failed to get on the ballot in any other state.)
Probably, ballot position had much to do with the large vote in Louisiana: We were at the top of the second column. In Colorado, we were about half way down the column (Dodge & Lydick were five positions below "Concerns of People.")
|
| |
|
| 2008 |
President: Gene
Amondson (AK) Evangelist and Artist
(Church of God, Anderson) |
| |
Vice-President: Leroy Pletten (MI) Law Enforcement Consultant
(Church of God) |
| |
653 reported votes, 3 states: Colorado (85 / 0%), Florida (293 / 0%), Louisiana (275 / 0.01%).
Neither candidate did any campaigning. These votes probably are entirely "protest" votes and are low because of down-column ballot positions in all 3 states. |
| |
 |
Educational Backgrounds of the Candidates
Third-party movements tend to appeal to members of specific cultural, social, or economic subgroups within the larger American population. Some of this data on Prohibition Party leaders is given in the preceding list of candidates. The following table gives their educational backgrounds; where and how long people attend school is one determinant (or reflection) of their philosophical frameworks and value systems.
The names are given in their order of nomination (names of vice-presidential candidates are italicized). Some individuals ran more than once, and for both vice-president and for president in different years -- only the first nomination is listed.
|
James Black
-----
John Russell
-----
Green Clay Smith
-----
Gideon T. Stewart
-----
Neal Dow
-----
Henry A. Thompson
-----
John P. St. John
-----
William Daniel
-----
Clinton B. Fisk
(BA) Michigan Central College
John A. Brooks
-----
John Bidwell
-----
James B. Cranfill
-----
Joshua Levering
-----
Hale Johnson
-----
John G. Wooley
-----
Henry B. Metcalfe
-----
Silas C. Swallow
-----
George W. Carroll
-----
Eugene W. Chafin
-----
Aaron S. Watkins
-----
J. Frank Hanley
-----
Ira Landrith
-----
D. Leigh Colvin
(PhD) Columbia University
Herman P. Faris
-----
Marie C. Brehm
-----
|
James A. Edgerton
-----
William D. Upshaw
(attended) Mercer University
Frank S. Regan
----
Claude A. Watson
Alma College
Roger W. Babson
(BA) Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Edgar V. Moorman
-----
Andrew Johnson
(BA) Asbury Seminary
Dale H. Learn
-----
Stuart Hamblen
(BA) McMurray State Teachers College
Enoch A. Holtwick
(BA) Greenville College
Edwin M. Cooper
-----
Rutherford L. Decker
-----
E. Harold Munn, Sr.
(BA) Greenville College, (MA) University
of Michigan
Mark R. Shaw
(BA) Boston University
Rolland E. Fisher
(attended) Central College (McPherson,
Kansas) and Greenville College, (BA)
Kansas University
Marshall E. Uncapher
-----
Ben Bubar
(attended) Colby College
Earl F. Dodge
(not)
Warren C. Martin
-----
George Ormsby
home-schooled
Rachel B. Kelly
(BA) Colby College
W. Dean Watkins
(BA) Butler University
Gene Amondson
(BA) Warner-Pacific College, (MA) Asbury
Seminary
Leroy Pletten
(BA) University of Minnesota |
|
